Unique Emeralds
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Emeralds
Emerald has a hardness of about 7.5–8 on the Mohs scale, but natural fractures can make it more vulnerable to damage than the hardness number might suggest. Its chemical formula is Be₃Al₂Si₆O₁₈. Some of the oldest known emeralds, from South Africa, are approximately 2.97 billion years old. Emerald is the traditional birthstone for May.
Origin
Today, important sources include Colombia, Zambia, Brazil, Afghanistan, and Pakistan. Colombia's Muzo, Chivor, and Coscuez areas are particularly famous.
How to test the "Realness" of an Emerald
Looking through a 10× jeweler's loupe can provide clues: natural emeralds commonly contain internal fractures and inclusions, sometimes called a "jardin" (garden). Avoid scratch tests or other destructive internet tests. A gemologist can examine properties such as refractive index and microscopic inclusions to distinguish natural emerald from laboratory-grown emeralds and imitations.
Unique Information about Emeralds
Color is one of the most important quality factors. Highly desirable stones generally have a vivid bluish-green to pure green color without being excessively dark. Emerald is the green to bluish-green variety of the mineral beryl — the same mineral family that includes aquamarine. Its green color comes primarily from trace amounts of chromium and/or vanadium, with iron also affecting the exact color.